625 lines
17 KiB
Markdown
625 lines
17 KiB
Markdown
# 014-database.mdc (Deep Reference)
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> 该文件为原始详细规范归档，供 Tier 3 按需读取。
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---
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# 🗄️ Hyperf ORM + MySQL Database Standards
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参考文档: @docs/architecture/data-model.md
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## 核心原则
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- 任何写操作前有备份策略
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- 使用 Hyperf Migration，禁止直接 DDL
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- 软删除优先于硬删除 (`deleted_at`)
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- 敏感数据加密存储
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- 生产环境只读
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## 必须字段 (每张表)
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```php
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// Hyperf Migration
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Schema::create('examples', function (Blueprint $table) {
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$table->bigIncrements('id');
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$table->timestamps(); // created_at, updated_at
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$table->softDeletes(); // deleted_at
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$table->unsignedBigInteger('created_by')->nullable();
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$table->unsignedBigInteger('updated_by')->nullable();
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});
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```
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## Model 规范
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```php
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<?php
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declare(strict_types=1);
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namespace App\Model\Production;
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use Hyperf\Database\Model\SoftDeletes;
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use Hyperf\DbConnection\Model\Model;
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class ProductionOrder extends Model
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{
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use SoftDeletes;
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protected ?string $table = 'production_orders';
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protected array $fillable = [
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'order_no', 'customer_id', 'platform_id',
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'status', 'total_amount', 'paid_amount',
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];
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protected array $casts = [
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'total_amount' => 'decimal:2',
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'paid_amount' => 'decimal:2',
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'source_data' => 'json',
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'created_at' => 'datetime',
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];
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// Eager loading to prevent N+1
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public function customer(): \Hyperf\Database\Model\Relations\BelongsTo
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{
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return $this->belongsTo(Customer::class);
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}
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public function subOrders(): \Hyperf\Database\Model\Relations\HasMany
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{
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return $this->hasMany(ProductionSubOrder::class, 'order_id');
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}
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}
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```
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## 命名规范
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### 表名模块前缀规则
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**表名必须以所属模块名作为前缀**，格式：`<module>_<entity_plural>`。
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| 模块 | 前缀 | 示例 |
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|------|------|------|
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| 用户与权限 | `auth_` | `auth_users`, `auth_roles` |
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| 案例核心 | `case_` | `case_cases`, `case_images` |
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| 设计师 | `designer_` | `designer_profiles`, `designer_awards` |
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| 运营内容 | `operation_` | `operation_banners`, `operation_topics` |
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| 用户互动 | `interaction_` | `interaction_favorites`, `interaction_comments` |
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| 日志 | `log_` | `log_user_logins`, `log_downloads` |
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| 安全风控 | `security_` | `security_blacklists`, `security_risk_events` |
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| 系统配置 | `system_` | `system_configs` |
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> 多对多关联表同样需要加模块前缀：`<module>_<a>_belongs_<b>`，以主体模块为准。
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### 通用命名约定
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| 类型 | 规范 | 示例 |
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|------|------|------|
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| 表名 | `<module>_` 前缀 + snake_case 复数 | `auth_users`, `case_cases` |
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| 字段名 | snake_case | `created_at` |
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| 主键 | `id` | `BIGINT UNSIGNED AUTO_INCREMENT` |
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| 外键 | `<table_singular>_id` | `customer_id` |
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| 索引 | `idx_<table>_<columns>` | `idx_auth_users_status` |
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| 唯一索引 | `uk_<table>_<columns>` | `uk_case_cases_code` |
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## 高并发表设计规范
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### 字段类型选择
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| 场景 | 推荐类型 | 避免 |
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|------|---------|------|
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| 主键 | `BIGINT UNSIGNED` | `INT` (溢出风险) |
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| 金额 | `DECIMAL(10,2)` | `FLOAT/DOUBLE` (精度丢失) |
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| 状态 | `VARCHAR(20)` 或 `TINYINT` | `ENUM` (修改需 DDL) |
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| 时间 | `TIMESTAMP` | `DATETIME` (不带时区) |
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| JSON 数据 | `JSON` (MySQL 8) | `TEXT` (无法索引) |
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| 短文本 | `VARCHAR(n)` 精确长度 | `VARCHAR(255)` 万能长度 |
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### 新字段安全约束
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**已有数据的表上新增字段必须遵循：**
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```php
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// ✅ 正确：nullable
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$table->string('avatar')->nullable();
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// ✅ 正确：有默认值
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$table->tinyInteger('priority')->default(0);
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// ❌ 禁止：NOT NULL 无默认值（锁表重写所有行）
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$table->string('role'); // NOT NULL without default
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```
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如需 NOT NULL 约束，使用三步法：
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1. 先添加 nullable 字段
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2. 数据回填（独立迁移）
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3. 再加 NOT NULL 约束（独立迁移）
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### 索引策略
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```sql
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-- 复合索引：遵循最左前缀原则
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CREATE INDEX idx_orders_status_created ON production_orders(status, created_at);
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-- 覆盖索引：查询字段全在索引中，避免回表
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CREATE INDEX idx_orders_cover ON production_orders(status, total_amount, paid_amount);
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-- 前缀索引：长字符串字段
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CREATE INDEX idx_orders_remark ON production_orders(remark(20));
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```
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**索引检查清单**:
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- [ ] 所有外键字段有索引
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- [ ] WHERE 常用字段有索引
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- [ ] ORDER BY 字段在索引中
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- [ ] 联合查询字段使用复合索引
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- [ ] 单表索引不超过 6 个
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### 百万级数据优化
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- 分页使用游标分页（`WHERE id > ? LIMIT ?`）替代 `OFFSET`
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- 大表 COUNT 使用近似值或缓存
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- 批量操作使用 `chunk()` 分批处理
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- 避免大事务，单事务操作 < 1000 行
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- 热点数据使用 Redis 缓存，减少 DB 压力
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## 读写分离
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```php
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// config/autoload/databases.php
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return [
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'default' => [
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'driver' => 'mysql',
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'read' => [
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'host' => [env('DB_READ_HOST_1'), env('DB_READ_HOST_2')],
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],
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'write' => [
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'host' => env('DB_WRITE_HOST'),
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],
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'port' => env('DB_PORT', 3306),
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'database' => env('DB_DATABASE'),
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'username' => env('DB_USERNAME'),
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'password' => env('DB_PASSWORD'),
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'charset' => 'utf8mb4',
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'collation' => 'utf8mb4_unicode_ci',
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'pool' => [
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'min_connections' => 5,
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'max_connections' => 50,
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'connect_timeout' => 10.0,
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'wait_timeout' => 3.0,
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'heartbeat' => -1,
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'max_idle_time' => 60,
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],
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],
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];
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```
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## 高级查询模式
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### UPSERT（插入或更新）
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```php
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// Hyperf Eloquent upsert — 冲突时更新指定字段
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ProductionOrder::query()->upsert(
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[
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['order_no' => 'PO-001', 'status' => 'active', 'total_amount' => 100.00],
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['order_no' => 'PO-002', 'status' => 'pending', 'total_amount' => 200.00],
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],
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['order_no'], // conflict key (unique)
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['status', 'total_amount'] // columns to update on conflict
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);
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// 等效原生 SQL
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// INSERT INTO production_orders (order_no, status, total_amount)
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// VALUES ('PO-001', 'active', 100.00), ('PO-002', 'pending', 200.00)
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// ON DUPLICATE KEY UPDATE status = VALUES(status), total_amount = VALUES(total_amount);
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```
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适用场景：外部数据同步、批量导入、幂等写入。
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### FOR UPDATE SKIP LOCKED（无锁队列消费）
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MySQL 8.0+ 支持，适合自定义任务队列或分布式任务分发：
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```php
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// Atomic: claim one pending job without blocking other workers
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$job = Db::select(
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"SELECT * FROM async_jobs
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WHERE status = 'pending'
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ORDER BY created_at
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LIMIT 1
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FOR UPDATE SKIP LOCKED"
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);
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if ($job) {
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Db::update(
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"UPDATE async_jobs SET status = 'processing', worker_id = ? WHERE id = ?",
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[$workerId, $job[0]->id]
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);
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}
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```
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优势：多 Worker 并发消费时不阻塞，已被锁定的行自动跳过。
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### 覆盖索引（Index-Only Scan）
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```sql
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-- 查询字段全在索引中，避免回表
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CREATE INDEX idx_orders_cover
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ON production_orders(status, created_at, total_amount, paid_amount);
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-- 此查询只需扫描索引，不回表
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SELECT status, total_amount, paid_amount
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FROM production_orders
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WHERE status = 'active' AND created_at > '2026-01-01';
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```
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## 反模式检测 SQL
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定期运行以下诊断查询，发现潜在问题：
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```sql
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-- 1. 检测未建索引的外键字段
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SELECT TABLE_NAME, COLUMN_NAME, CONSTRAINT_NAME, REFERENCED_TABLE_NAME
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FROM information_schema.KEY_COLUMN_USAGE
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WHERE REFERENCED_TABLE_NAME IS NOT NULL
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AND TABLE_SCHEMA = DATABASE()
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AND COLUMN_NAME NOT IN (
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SELECT COLUMN_NAME FROM information_schema.STATISTICS
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WHERE TABLE_SCHEMA = DATABASE()
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AND TABLE_NAME = KEY_COLUMN_USAGE.TABLE_NAME
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);
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-- 2. 检测慢查询 Top 10（需开启 performance_schema）
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SELECT DIGEST_TEXT AS query,
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COUNT_STAR AS calls,
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ROUND(AVG_TIMER_WAIT / 1000000000, 2) AS avg_ms,
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ROUND(SUM_TIMER_WAIT / 1000000000, 2) AS total_ms
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FROM performance_schema.events_statements_summary_by_digest
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WHERE SCHEMA_NAME = DATABASE()
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AND AVG_TIMER_WAIT > 500000000 -- > 500ms
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ORDER BY AVG_TIMER_WAIT DESC
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LIMIT 10;
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-- 3. 检测表碎片（dead rows / 需要 OPTIMIZE）
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SELECT TABLE_NAME,
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TABLE_ROWS,
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ROUND(DATA_LENGTH / 1024 / 1024, 2) AS data_mb,
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ROUND(DATA_FREE / 1024 / 1024, 2) AS fragmented_mb
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FROM information_schema.TABLES
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WHERE TABLE_SCHEMA = DATABASE()
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AND DATA_FREE > 10 * 1024 * 1024 -- > 10MB fragmentation
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ORDER BY DATA_FREE DESC;
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-- 4. 检测无用索引（从未使用）
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SELECT s.TABLE_NAME, s.INDEX_NAME
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FROM information_schema.STATISTICS s
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LEFT JOIN performance_schema.table_io_waits_summary_by_index_usage p
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ON s.TABLE_SCHEMA = p.OBJECT_SCHEMA
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AND s.TABLE_NAME = p.OBJECT_NAME
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AND s.INDEX_NAME = p.INDEX_NAME
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WHERE s.TABLE_SCHEMA = DATABASE()
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AND s.INDEX_NAME != 'PRIMARY'
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AND (p.COUNT_STAR IS NULL OR p.COUNT_STAR = 0);
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```
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## 禁止的反模式
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| 反模式 | 替代方案 |
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|--------|----------|
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| N+1 查询 | `with()` Eager Loading |
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| 硬删除 | 软删除 + 定时清理 |
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| 无索引外键 | 所有 FK 必须有索引 |
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| `SELECT *` | 明确列名 `select()` |
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| 长事务 | 拆分小事务 |
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| 循环中单条 SQL | `insert()` 批量操作 |
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| `OFFSET` 深分页 | 游标分页 `WHERE id > ?` |
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| NOT NULL 无默认值加字段 | 先 nullable → 回填 → 加约束 |
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| Schema + Data 混在一个迁移 | 拆为独立迁移文件 |
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| 修改已部署的迁移文件 | 创建新的前向迁移 |
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## 迁移文件命名规范
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迁移文件严格遵循以下命名格式：
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```
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YYYY_MM_DD_HHMMSS_description.php
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```
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| 操作 | 文件名示例 |
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|------|----------|
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| 创建表 | `2026_02_24_100000_create_production_orders_table.php` |
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| 添加字段 | `2026_02_24_110000_add_payment_status_to_production_orders.php` |
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| 添加索引 | `2026_02_24_120000_add_index_status_to_production_orders.php` |
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| 修改字段 | `2026_02_24_130000_modify_amount_column_in_production_orders.php` |
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| 删除字段 | `2026_02_24_140000_drop_legacy_field_from_production_orders.php` |
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**规则**:
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- 时间戳精确到秒，保证顺序
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- `description` 用 snake_case，必须清晰表达操作内容
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- 每个迁移只做一件事（一张表或一类变更）
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- 必须实现 `down()` 方法支持回滚
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## Schema 变更流程
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1. 读取 `data-model.md` → 2. 设计变更 → 3. 编写 Migration (含 `down()` 回滚) → 4. 开发环境执行 → 5. 更新文档
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```bash
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# 生成迁移
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php bin/hyperf.php gen:migration create_orders_table
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# 执行迁移
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php bin/hyperf.php migrate
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# 回滚
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php bin/hyperf.php migrate:rollback
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# 生成模型
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php bin/hyperf.php gen:model production_orders
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```
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## 核心表关系图
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```mermaid
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erDiagram
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%% ── 用户体系 ──────────────────
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users ||--o{ user_roles : "has"
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roles ||--o{ user_roles : "has"
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roles ||--o{ role_menus : "has"
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roles ||--o{ role_depts : "has"
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menus ||--o{ role_menus : "has"
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departments ||--o{ users : "belongs"
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departments ||--o{ role_depts : "has"
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departments ||--o{ departments : "parent"
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users {
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bigint id PK
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varchar username UK
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varchar password
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varchar real_name
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bigint dept_id FK
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tinyint status
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tinyint data_scope
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timestamp last_login_at
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}
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roles {
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bigint id PK
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varchar name UK
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varchar code UK
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tinyint data_scope
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tinyint status
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}
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departments {
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bigint id PK
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varchar name
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bigint parent_id FK
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int sort_order
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tinyint status
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}
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menus {
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bigint id PK
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varchar name
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varchar path
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varchar permission
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bigint parent_id FK
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tinyint type
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int sort_order
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}
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%% ── 生产体系 ──────────────────
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production_orders ||--o{ production_sub_orders : "has"
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production_orders ||--o{ production_payments : "has"
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production_orders }o--|| customers : "belongs"
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production_orders }o--|| platforms : "belongs"
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production_sub_orders ||--o{ production_items : "has"
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production_orders {
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bigint id PK
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varchar order_no UK
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bigint customer_id FK
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bigint platform_id FK
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tinyint status
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decimal total_amount
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decimal paid_amount
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json source_data
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bigint created_by FK
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}
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production_sub_orders {
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bigint id PK
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bigint order_id FK
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varchar sub_order_no UK
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tinyint status
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decimal amount
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}
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production_payments {
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bigint id PK
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bigint order_id FK
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varchar payment_no UK
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decimal amount
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tinyint payment_method
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tinyint status
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}
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customers {
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bigint id PK
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varchar name
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varchar company
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varchar contact_phone
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tinyint level
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}
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platforms {
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bigint id PK
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varchar name UK
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varchar code UK
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tinyint status
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}
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%% ── 通知体系 ──────────────────
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notifications ||--o{ notification_reads : "has"
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users ||--o{ notification_reads : "has"
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notifications {
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bigint id PK
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varchar type
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varchar title
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text content
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json data
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bigint sender_id FK
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tinyint scope
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}
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notification_reads {
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bigint id PK
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bigint notification_id FK
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bigint user_id FK
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timestamp read_at
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
%% ── 审批流程 ──────────────────
|
||
workflows ||--o{ workflow_nodes : "has"
|
||
workflow_nodes ||--o{ workflow_records : "has"
|
||
users ||--o{ workflow_records : "approves"
|
||
|
||
workflows {
|
||
bigint id PK
|
||
varchar name
|
||
varchar type
|
||
bigint reference_id
|
||
tinyint status
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
workflow_nodes {
|
||
bigint id PK
|
||
bigint workflow_id FK
|
||
int step
|
||
varchar name
|
||
bigint assignee_id FK
|
||
tinyint status
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
workflow_records {
|
||
bigint id PK
|
||
bigint node_id FK
|
||
bigint user_id FK
|
||
tinyint action
|
||
text comment
|
||
}
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
## 汇总表预聚合（报表优化）
|
||
|
||
大量统计查询不应实时扫描明细表，而应使用汇总表 + 定时任务预聚合：
|
||
|
||
```sql
|
||
-- 创建汇总表
|
||
CREATE TABLE order_stats_daily (
|
||
stat_date DATE NOT NULL,
|
||
platform_id BIGINT UNSIGNED NOT NULL,
|
||
total_orders INT UNSIGNED DEFAULT 0,
|
||
total_amount DECIMAL(14,2) DEFAULT 0.00,
|
||
avg_amount DECIMAL(10,2) DEFAULT 0.00,
|
||
updated_at TIMESTAMP DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP ON UPDATE CURRENT_TIMESTAMP,
|
||
PRIMARY KEY (stat_date, platform_id)
|
||
) ENGINE=InnoDB;
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
```php
|
||
// Hyperf Crontab: hourly aggregation
|
||
#[Crontab(rule: "5 * * * *", name: "AggregateOrderStats")]
|
||
class AggregateOrderStatsTask extends AbstractTask
|
||
{
|
||
public function execute(): void
|
||
{
|
||
Db::statement("
|
||
INSERT INTO order_stats_daily (stat_date, platform_id, total_orders, total_amount, avg_amount)
|
||
SELECT DATE(created_at), platform_id,
|
||
COUNT(*), SUM(total_amount), AVG(total_amount)
|
||
FROM production_orders
|
||
WHERE created_at >= CURDATE()
|
||
AND deleted_at IS NULL
|
||
GROUP BY DATE(created_at), platform_id
|
||
ON DUPLICATE KEY UPDATE
|
||
total_orders = VALUES(total_orders),
|
||
total_amount = VALUES(total_amount),
|
||
avg_amount = VALUES(avg_amount)
|
||
");
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
适用场景：仪表盘、报表导出、趋势分析。明细查询仍走原表。
|
||
|
||
## MySQL 分区表（百万级+）
|
||
|
||
数据量超百万且有明确时间维度的表，考虑 RANGE 分区：
|
||
|
||
```sql
|
||
-- 按月分区（适合时间序列数据）
|
||
ALTER TABLE operation_logs PARTITION BY RANGE (TO_DAYS(created_at)) (
|
||
PARTITION p202601 VALUES LESS THAN (TO_DAYS('2026-02-01')),
|
||
PARTITION p202602 VALUES LESS THAN (TO_DAYS('2026-03-01')),
|
||
PARTITION p202603 VALUES LESS THAN (TO_DAYS('2026-04-01')),
|
||
PARTITION pmax VALUES LESS THAN MAXVALUE
|
||
);
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
**分区适用条件**（全部满足才考虑）：
|
||
- 数据量 > 500 万行
|
||
- 查询几乎总是带时间范围条件
|
||
- 需要高效的历史数据归档/清理
|
||
- 表没有跨分区的唯一索引需求
|
||
|
||
**不适合分区的场景**：
|
||
- 小表（分区开销 > 收益）
|
||
- 查询不带分区键（全分区扫描更慢）
|
||
- 需要跨分区外键约束
|
||
|
||
## 数据库缓存配置
|
||
|
||
使用 Redis 缓存频繁查询的数据，减少数据库压力：
|
||
|
||
```php
|
||
// config/autoload/cache.php
|
||
return [
|
||
'default' => [
|
||
'driver' => Hyperf\Cache\Driver\RedisDriver::class,
|
||
'packer' => Hyperf\Codec\Packer\PhpSerializerPacker::class,
|
||
'prefix' => 'cache:',
|
||
],
|
||
];
|
||
|
||
// 缓存使用示例
|
||
// 注解式缓存（推荐简单场景）
|
||
#[Cacheable(prefix: 'user', ttl: 3600)]
|
||
public function getById(int $id): ?User
|
||
{
|
||
return User::find($id);
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
#[CacheEvict(prefix: 'user')]
|
||
public function update(int $id, array $data): bool
|
||
{
|
||
return User::where('id', $id)->update($data);
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
// 手动缓存（复杂场景）
|
||
$user = $this->cache->remember("user:{$id}", 3600, fn() => User::find($id));
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
### 缓存 TTL 策略
|
||
|
||
| 数据类型 | TTL | 失效策略 |
|
||
|---------|-----|---------|
|
||
| 字典/配置 | 7 天 | 管理员修改时失效 |
|
||
| 用户信息 | 1 小时 | 用户更新时失效 |
|
||
| 菜单树 | 24 小时 | 菜单变更时失效 |
|
||
| 列表查询 | 5 分钟 | 写操作后批量失效 |
|
||
| 统计报表 | 1 小时 | 定时任务刷新 |
|